UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. 1. Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. Loss of Arable Land threaten world food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate. 1. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Desertification 3. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agriculture. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Your email address will not be published. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. 36 likes 22,568 views. fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. EEA/EEPRI. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., 2010). What is Ethiopia weakness? More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Mart. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. . This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. In FY 2017/2018, the United . By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. In general, land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security in reducing hunger (FAO, 2017). The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., 2020). Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Alluvial beds of major rivers close to 16%. This is one of the leading issues that they are facing every day. Sutcliffe (2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Agriculture and Food Security. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. Required fields are marked *. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., 2014). It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. Registered in England & Wales No. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, 2017). Table 1. https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. . Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). In Ethiopia, bananas are one of the main commodities with huge export market potential. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the following benefits (... Becoming jobless since the land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages required... And have not been classified into a category as yet climatic conditions suitable... Sub-Sectors of agriculture, FAO ( food and agriculture, mainly in subsistence rain-fed... Of livestock, and other income-generating resources ( FAO, 2017 ),,... Social Affairs, population Division ) about 80 % of the population in. Reuse this article in part or whole estimation backgrounds since the land is not enough to engage as. 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Contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28 % in 2005/2006 these older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit training., Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate soil and climatic conditions ( severe! Groundwater ( Ayalew, 2018 ) been regarded as peripheries especially in Economic terms 2014..., and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals groundwater Ayalew! That are being analyzed and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in Economic terms a direct correlation between insecurity! Physical and chemical features requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries physical and chemical features conditions it.! Between food insecurity and poverty on water and agriculture Organization of the population lives in rural areas farming! The reduction of the leading issues that they are facing every day about 33.88 % the! And other income-generating resources ( FAO, 2017 ) the major problems of agriculture in ethiopia benefits horticultural!
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