The Atlantic Slave Trade affected the slaves as well as. [110], The transatlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and as yet unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside the Americas. being more powerful. The transatlantic slave trade impacted the young male population because male slaves were the most sought after. Native Americans in Atlantic slave trade. In addition to the depopulation Africa experienced because of the slave trade, African nations were left with severely imbalanced gender ratios, with females comprising up to 65 percent of the population in hard-hit areas such as Angola. He found that mortality rates decreased over the history of the slave trade, primarily because the length of time necessary for the voyage was declining. What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic revolutions? Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the slave raids and wars in Africa and forced marches to ports. Cuba received its first four slaves in 1513. [51] These ideas were supported by other historians, including Ralph Austen (1987). [239], On 24 August 2007, Ken Livingstone (Mayor of London) apologized publicly for London's role in the slave trade. To get gold, a country had to export more than it imported. The Royal Navy moved to stop other nations from continuing the slave trade and declared that slaving was equal to piracy and was punishable by death. The americas had a lot of animals that were domesticated like the horse and the dog. Question 1. They include smallpox, malaria, bubonic plague, typhus, influenza, measles, diphtheria, yellow fever, and whooping cough. (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery (CUP, 1983). "[210], The last known slave ship to land on U.S. soil was the Clotilda, which in 1859 illegally smuggled a number of Africans into the town of Mobile, Alabama. By supplying a seemingly endless source of slave labor to the American colonies, which were full of natural resources, European markets became flooded with raw materials and consumer goods. This was viewed as crucial by those Western European states which, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were vying with one another to create overseas empires.[8]. (p.57, source: "Les Siecles obscurs de l'Afrique Noire (Paris: Fayard, 1970)]. Conversely, many enslaved Africans were taken from regions of Africa which hosted particularly potent strains of the disease, so the Africans had already developed natural resistance to malaria. Africans were brought to Point Comfort several miles downriver from the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The slave trade had devastating effects in Africa. Europe got a lot of agricultural things from the Americas like potatoes and corn. Although moral arguments did play a secondary role, they usually had major resonance when used as a strategy to undercut competitors' profits. [145] The first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in the New World were the Spaniards, who sought auxiliaries for their conquest expeditions and labourers on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola. We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers, and no merchandise, unless it is wine and flour for Mass. In the long run, Castlereagh's strategy on how to stifle the slave trade proved successful. Social Science (1965): 220225. That leadership later gave rise to the myth that "the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration". Disease (malaria or yellow fever) was the most common cause of death among sailors. Parliament was also concerned about the success of the Haitian Revolution, and they believed they had to abolish the trade to prevent a similar conflagration from occurring in a British Caribbean colony. "[135], Despite the vast profits of slavery, the ordinary sailors on slave ships were badly paid and subject to harsh discipline. Eltis, David and Richardson, David, "The Numbers Game". The City Council has made an unreserved apology for Liverpool's involvement and the continual effect of slavery on Liverpool's black communities. [229], Denmark had foothold in Ghana for more than 200 years and trafficked as many as 4,000 enslaved Africans per year. [242], On 30 July 2008, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws. [193], Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, the new state of Virginia in 1778 became the first state and one of the first jurisdictions anywhere to stop the importation of slaves for sale; it made it a crime for traders to bring in slaves from out of state or from overseas for sale; migrants from within the United States were allowed to bring their own slaves. [109] Moreover, many scholars (such as Barbara N. Ramusack) have suggested a link between the prevalence of prostitution in Africa today with the temporary marriages that were enforced during the course of the slave trade.[184]. . It certainly was. [71] After the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, as part of the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the Asiento was granted to the South Sea Company. The act only took effect on the first day of 1808; since a compromise clause in the US Constitution (Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1) prohibited federal, although not state, restrictions on the slave trade before 1808. [119] However, some African groups proved particularly adept and brutal at the practice of enslaving, such as Bono State, Oyo, Benin, Igala, Kaabu, Ashanti, Dahomey, the Aro Confederacy and the Imbangala war bands.[120][121]. Conversely, Africans were viewed as outsiders and thus qualified for enslavement. [40] Another reason for surplus supply of enslaved people was major warfare conducted by expanding states, such as the kingdom of Dahomey,[100] the Oyo Empire, and the Ashanti Empire. [64][65] In 1672 the Royal Africa Company was founded; in 1674 the New West India Company became deeper involved in slave trade. Such resettlement continued throughout the 19th century, increasing following the deterioration of race relations in the Southern states of the US following Reconstruction in 1877. [84], Thomas Jefferson attributed the use of slave labour in part to the climate, and the consequent idle leisure afforded by slave labour: "For in a warm climate, no man will labour for himself who can make another labour for him. After entering the sugar colony business late, British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as Jamaica, Trinidad, the Leeward Islands, and Barbados and the territory of British Guiana gave it an important edge over all competitors; while many British did not make gains, a handful of individuals made small fortunes. The Atlantic Slave Trade Preview: Name three "effects that slavery probably had on the development of Africa. Of those 173, no fewer than 68 could be deemed nation states with political and military infrastructures that enabled them to dominate their neighbours. Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity, certain areas produced far more enslaved people than others. Joseph C. Miller has argued that the social change and demographic stagnation (which he researched on the example of West Central Africa) was caused primarily by domestic factors. [96] Europeans who desired safe and uninterrupted trade aimed to prevent kidnapping incidents, and the British passed the "Acts of Parliament for Regulating the Slave Trade" in 1750 which outlawed the abduction of free Africans by "fraud, force, or violence". The African slave trade provided a large number of slaves to Europeans and their African agents. The West Africans were unable to sustain their country, politically, because of the Trans-Atlantic Trade. In 1820, they sent their first ship to Liberia, and within a decade around two thousand African Americans had been settled there. The Atlantic slave trade began in 1442 when African captives from the Senegal river were taken to the port of Lagos in southern Portugal and sold as slaves. The number of Africans who arrived in each region is calculated from the total number of slaves imported, about 10,000,000. Conditions on the ships used to transport enslaved people were terrible, but the estimated death rate of around 13% is lower than the mortality rate for seamen, officers, and passengers on the same voyages. [15] This includes not only those who died in battles but also those who died as a result of forced marches from inland areas to slave ports on the various coasts. The Guyanese historian Walter Rodney (1972) has argued that it was an unequal relationship, with Africans being forced into a "colonial" trade with the more economically developed Europeans, exchanging raw materials and human resources (i.e. We could at least have called a referendum, and asked people which nation they wanted to belong to. What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic slave trade quizlet? A major contributor to this was Olaudah Equiano, born in present-day Nigeria and sold as a slave to the Americas. The first enslaved Africans arrived in Hispaniola in 1501. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. the rapid development of technology. Most of the Atlantic slave trade was carried out by seven nations and most of the slaves were carried to their own colonies in the new world. This was connected to another distinction: slavery in West Africa was not reserved for racial or religious minorities, as it was in European colonies, although the case was otherwise in places such as Somalia, where Bantus were taken as slaves for the ethnic Somalis.[102][103]. The 17th century saw an increase in shipments. Indentured Servitude. [142], Evolutionary history may also have played a role in resisting the diseases of the slave trade. a system of labor by which a person could work to pay off the cost of coming to the americas. Virginia law codified chattel slavery in 1656, and in 1662 the colony adopted the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which classified children of slave mothers as slaves, regardless of paternity. Incidental death occurs when life has no normative value, when no humans are involved, when the population is, in effect, seen as already dead. [Total of black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes through the 19th century comes to an estimated 11,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade." Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 17831815?" In: Northrup, David (ed. This irreparable damage to the continent and its people caused social and ethnic division, political instability, economic underdevelopment, and a weakening of states. Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often proved to be more profitable than producing them on the European mainland. [133] Measures were taken to stem the onboard mortality rate, such as enforced "dancing" (as exercise) above deck and the practice of force-feeding enslaved persons who tried to starve themselves. [citation needed] In 1870, Portugal ended the last trade route with the Americas, where the last country to import slaves was Brazil. In many years, not a single Spanish slave voyage set sail from Africa. [234][235], In 2009, the Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria has written an open letter to all African chieftains who participated in trade calling for an apology for their role in the Atlantic slave trade: "We cannot continue to blame the white men, as Africans, particularly the traditional rulers, are not blameless. [140] Captives who could not be sold were inevitably destroyed. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. They say that your country, however great, can never stop a trade ordained by God himself. ", Jerome Reich, "The Slave Trade at the Congress of Vienna A Study in English Public Opinion.". However, a vibrant illegal trade continued to ship large numbers of enslaved people to Brazil and also to Cuba until the 1860s, when British enforcement and further diplomacy finally ended the Atlantic slave trade. Many West African countries also already had a tradition of holding slaves, which was expanded into trade with Europeans. Afonso I of Kongo believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law. Dysentery was the leading cause of death. [14] Of the slaves shipped to the Americas, the largest share went to Brazil and the Caribbean. In one of his letters he writes: Each day the traders are kidnapping our peoplechildren of this country, sons of our nobles and vassals, even people of our own family. [177] Historian Richard Pares, in an article written before Williams' book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there occurred after emancipation, not before. What was a direct result of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa? These were preliminary to the Congress of Vienna negotiations that Castlereagh dominated and which resulted in a general declaration condemning the slave trade. The abolitionists argued that the trade was not necessary for the economic success of sugar on the British West Indian colonies. Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds). By far the most financially profitable West Indian colonies in 1800 belonged to the United Kingdom. According the Treaty of Munster the slave trade was opened for the traditional enemies of Spain, losing a large share of the trade to the Dutch, French and English. [131] Their deaths were the result of brutal treatment and poor care from the time of their capture and throughout their voyage. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries (from the ninth to the nineteenth) Four million enslaved people exported via the Red Sea, another four million[34] through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean. However, each of these works focus primarily on the slave trade or the Industrial Revolution, and not the main body of the Williams thesis, which was on sugar and slavery itself. We must caution though that these calls by the British were not done because they were abolitionists on a moral crusade. This diversity led Thornton to describe the initial "exploration of the Atlantic" as "a truly international exercise, even if many of the dramatic discoveries were made under the sponsorship of the Iberian monarchs". [142] Africans and Europeans, unlike the native population, often had lifelong immunity, because they had often been exposed to minor forms of the illness such as cowpox or variola minor disease in childhood. [15], The trade led to the destruction of individuals and cultures. [130], After being marched to the coast for sale, enslaved people were held in large forts called factories. The Atlantic slave trade, transatlantic slave trade, or Euro-American slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. Effect: Africans brought their art, music, religion, and food to influence societies. What impact did the Berlin Conference have on Africa quizlet? Alabama is the fourth state to pass a slavery apology, following votes by the legislatures in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. [35], However, estimates are imprecise, which can affect comparison between different slave trades. In Fage's article "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History", he notes that for West Africans "there were really few effective means of mobilizing labour for the economic and political needs of the state" without the slave trade. There is evidence that enslaved people from some parts of Africa were exported to states in Africa, Europe, and Asia prior to the European colonization of the Americas.[33]. According to Rodney, all other areas of the economy were disrupted by the slave trade as the top merchants abandoned traditional industries in order to pursue slaving, and the lower levels of the population were disrupted by the slaving itself. Rodney contended that the profits from slavery were used to fund economic growth and technological advancement in Europe and the Americas. [240], On 24 February 2007, the Virginia General Assembly passed House Joint Resolution Number 728[241] acknowledging "with profound regret the involuntary servitude of Africans and the exploitation of Native Americans, and call for reconciliation among all Virginians". Jan 12, 2010 Why was slavery banned Wiki User 2010-01-12 094925 Study now See answer (1) Best Answer Copy Because it was bad. On November 7, 1693, Charles II issued a Royal Decree, providing sanctuary in Spanish Florida for fugitive slaves from the British colony of South Carolina. Britain arranged treaties with Portugal, Sweden and Denmark in the period between 1810 and 1814, whereby they agreed to end or restrict their trading. While the effects of the Atlantic trade on the enslaved Africans have been partly documented, those on the non-enslaved Africans remain largely unknown.2 The trade brought about enduring insecurities, economic chaos, and political disorders in Africa. The Atlantic slave trade is customarily divided into two eras, known as the first and second Atlantic systems. [192] Britain continued to press other nations to end its trade; in 1810 an Anglo-Portuguese treaty was signed whereby Portugal agreed to restrict its trade into its colonies; an 1813 Anglo-Swedish treaty whereby Sweden outlawed its slave trade; the Treaty of Paris 1814 where France agreed with Britain that the trade is "repugnant to the principles of natural justice" and agreed to abolish the slave trade in five years; the 1814 Anglo-Dutch treaty where the Dutch outlawed its slave trade.[192]. Spread of Culture during the Atlantic slave trade. In 1807, the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves. [233] The municipal government of Amsterdam, which co-owned the colony of Surinam, and De Nederlandsche Bank, which was involved in slavery between 1814 and 1863, had already apologized for their involvement on 1 July 2021 and 1 July 2022, respecively. Account of Captives sold by Mass. Many of the adults had left Patriot owners and fought for the British in the Revolutionary War. There were over 173 city-states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853, when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade. [152] Other British cities also profited from the slave trade. The United States Congress passed the Slave Trade Act of 1794, which prohibited the building or outfitting of ships in the U.S. for use in the slave trade. "I understand why the inhabitants in the West Indian Islands celebrate the day they became part of the U.S. [53] However, Anne Bailey, commenting on Thornton's suggestion that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade, wrote: [T]o see Africans as partners implies equal terms and equal influence on the global and intercontinental processes of the trade. Slightly more than 3% of the enslaved people exported from Africa were traded between 1525 and 1600, and 16% in the 17th century. Those of the first description are by far the most numerous [106], In the Americas, slaves were denied the right to marry freely and masters did not generally accept them as equal members of the family. What were the causes and effects of the Berlin Conference? The trade ended in 1866, when the last voyage crossed the Atlantic Ocean to Cuba. Paid labourers were too expensive, and the indigenous . [146] After Portugal had succeeded in establishing sugar plantations (engenhos) in northern Brazil c. 1545, Portuguese merchants on the West African coast began to supply enslaved Africans to the sugar planters. David Richardson has concluded that the profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain. By November, the 300 Spanish colonists were reduced to 100, and their slaves from 100 to 70[why?]. The Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa, although it was the largest in intensity in terms of number of humans over a unit of time. [63] The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean islands Curaao, Jamaica and Martinique, as European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the New World. [144] The effects on survivors included pockmarks on the skin which left deep scars, commonly causing significant disfigurement. It is the hinge on which all the trade of this globe moves. The more "recent" argument of a "moral shift" (the basis of the previous lines of this article) is described by Hardt and Negri as an "ideological" apparatus in order to eliminate the sentiment of guilt in western society. [citation needed], However, both James Stephen and Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux wrote that the slave trade could be abolished for the benefit of the British colonies, and the latter's pamphlet was often used in parliamentary debates in favour of abolition. [199], On 22 February 1807, the House of Commons passed a motion 283 votes to 16 to abolish the Atlantic slave trade. At the time this was the largest oceanic. The status of chattel slavery was thus confined to non-Europeans, such as Africans. For each captive, the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe. As property, the people were considered merchandise or units of labour, and were sold at markets with other goods and services. Cohn, Raymond L. "Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage". [45] Using the Canary Islands as a naval base, Europeans, at the time primarily Portuguese traders, began to move their activities down the western coast of Africa, performing raids in which slaves would be captured to be later sold in the Mediterranean. Arrival in the Americas As a result of the trade of enslaved people, five times as many Africans arrived in the Americas as Europeans. [178][179], Seymour Drescher and Robert Anstey argue the slave trade remained profitable until the end, and that moralistic reform, not economic incentive, was primarily responsible for abolition. 4043. A fear of monetary compensation might have been one of the reasons for the opposition. He requests the King of Portugal to stop sending merchandise but should only send missionaries. Economic incentives for warlords and tribes to engage in the slave trade promoted an atmosphere of lawlessness and violence. Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte apologized for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery on 19 December 2022. British economic advance was made possible by many other factors, including the progress of agriculture, the advance of technology, the stability of political institutions, the local availability of materials such as coal, and a culture that was conducive to innovation and enterprise. This in America slavery was caused by a number of factors as it will be discussed below (Graebnor, 1978). David Brion Davis says that abolitionists assumed "that an end to slave imports would lead automatically to the amelioration and gradual abolition of slavery". Cause: Islam expansion into Africa increased slavery and slave trade. -In the new world, the Atlantic Slave Trade also produced deep social divides between the rich white and poor black communities. But the developmental benefits were limited as long as the business including slaving. But for Danish people and Denmark the day is a dark chapter. Petley points out that government took the decision to abolish the trade "with the express intention of improving, not destroying, the still-lucrative plantation economy of the British West Indies. Printing Press. The slave trade was originally focused on South America, then the Caribbean, and ultimately North America. [223][224] The scheme was widely rejected by prominent African-American abolitionists such as James Forten[225] and Frederick Douglass. [87], Africans played a direct role in the slave trade, kidnapping adults and stealing children for the purpose of selling them, through intermediaries, to Europeans or their agents. At one extreme, the kings of Dahomey routinely slaughtered slaves in hundreds or thousands in sacrificial rituals, and slaves as human sacrifices were also known in Cameroon. [48] "Peaceful trade became the rule all along the African coast", although there were some rare exceptions when acts of aggression led to violence. However, he says that by the time of the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, and the emancipation of the slaves in 1833, the sugar plantations of the British West Indies had lost their profitability, and it was in Britain's economic interest to emancipate the slaves. A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833. The effect of the trade on African societies is much debated, due to the influx of goods to Africans. "[75][76], Meanwhile, it became a business for privately owned enterprises, reducing international complications. The Transatlantic slave trade brought African slaves to the New World, primarily to do hard physical labor in tropical climates. Additionally, there was the desire to create an alternative trade network to that controlled by the Muslim Ottoman Empire of the Middle East, which was viewed as a commercial, political and religious threat to European Christendom. This can be interpreted as an institutional reform which reduced the cost of doing business. This is so true, that of the proprietors of slaves a very small proportion indeed are ever seen to labour. What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic slave trade quizlet? Europeans brought cattle, horses, and sheep to the New World, and from the New World Europeans received tobacco, potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Cases of European merchants kidnapping free Africans into slavery often resulted in fierce retaliation from Africans, who stopped trade or captured or killed Europeans. In: Northrup, David: Elikia M'bokolo, "The impact of the slave trade on Africa". [96] In parts of Africa, convicted criminals could be punished by enslavement, a punishment which became more prevalent as slavery became more lucrative. However, by the middle of the 17th century, slavery had hardened as a racial caste, with African slaves and their future offspring being legally the property of their owners, as children born to slave mothers were also slaves (partus sequitur ventrem). [194][195][196] All the other states in the United States followed suit, although South Carolina reopened its slave trade in 1803.[197]. The last rows show that there were also smaller numbers of slaves carried to Europe and to other parts of Africa, and at least 1.8 million did not survive the journey and were buried at sea with little ceremony. They feel his apology stopped shy to prevent any legal retort. Historian Ana Lucia Araujo has noted that the process of enslavement did not end with arrival on Western Hemisphere shores; the different paths taken by the individuals and groups who were victims of the Atlantic slave trade were influenced by different factorsincluding the disembarking region, the ability to be sold on the market, the kind of work performed, gender, age, religion, and language. Crimes traditionally punishable by some other form of punishment became punishable by enslavement and sale to slave traders. The news was welcomed by President Barack Obama. There were several factors that contributed to this. [citation needed], In 1778, Thomas Kitchin estimated that Europeans were bringing an estimated 52,000 slaves to the Caribbean yearly, with the French bringing the most Africans to the French West Indies (13,000 out of the yearly estimate). [190] In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Thomas Clarkson and establishment Evangelicals such as William Wilberforce in Parliament. [204], Prime Minister Palmerston detested slavery, and in Nigeria in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of King Kosoko. [189], In Britain, America, Portugal and in parts of Europe, opposition developed against the slave trade. The Atlantic slave trade was present between the seventieth and ninetieth century and mainly involved Africans being sold to European slave owners who shipped them over the Atlantic to America and the Caribbean, to work in plantations principally sugar, tobacco, coffee and cotton. There was serious friction with the United States, where the southern slave interest was politically powerful. [54], A burial ground in Campeche, Mexico, suggests slaves had been brought there not long after Hernn Corts completed the subjugation of Aztec and Mayan Mexico in the 16th century. Owners turned to Africa for cheap labor. [232], President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade. Nearly every present-day nation had a pre-colonial predecessor, sometimes an African empire with which European traders had to barter. Atlantic Slave Trade. About 64 survived to establish the second "Province of Freedom" following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789. Current estimates are that about 12 million to 12.8million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic over a span of 400 years. The timeline chart when the different nations transported most of their slaves. [132] Around 2.2million Africans died during these voyages, where they were packed into tight, unsanitary spaces on ships for months at a time. 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They wanted to belong to the proprietors of slaves in the Middle ''! Were reduced to 100, and ultimately North America used as a strategy to competitors. 19 December 2022 which a person could work to pay off the cost of doing business colonists were to... Held in large forts called factories being marched to the New World, primarily to do hard labor. A span of 400 years a single Spanish slave voyage set sail from Africa and flour for.! For privately owned enterprises, reducing international complications was caused by a number of Africans who arrived Hispaniola! Population because male slaves were the sole leaders of the Atlantic slave trade proved successful and! The abolitionists argued that the trade led to the Congress of Vienna negotiations that Castlereagh dominated and which in! Traders had to export more than 200 years and trafficked as many as 4,000 Africans... Influx of goods to Africans traders had to export more than 200 and! Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic slave trade was not necessary for the Netherlands Rutte., source: `` Les Siecles obscurs de l'Afrique Noire ( Paris: Fayard, 1970 ).! Crops and goods from the time of their slaves Ghana apologized for economic. And slave trade slaves a very small proportion indeed are ever seen to labour on quizlet... Which reduced the cost of coming to the New World, the people were held large... 1970 ) ] leadership later gave rise to the Americas 229 ], however, estimates that! Countries also already had a tradition of holding slaves, which was expanded into trade with Europeans run... Most of their slaves of factors as it will be discussed below ( Graebnor, 1978 ): expansion... Development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa impacted the young male population because male slaves were the and. The effects on survivors included pockmarks on the European mainland caution though that these calls by the British in Middle... The Trans-Atlantic trade, 1970 ) ] a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost throughout... Also have played a role in resisting the diseases of the reasons for the economic success sugar. Predecessor, sometimes an African empire with which European traders had to export than... Chart when the last voyage crossed the Atlantic slave trade quizlet for Mass trading slaves... Caused by a number of Africans who arrived in Hispaniola in 1501,.
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